The Dignity of Children Deprived of Liberty and Suspected of Committing Crimes
Abstrakt
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: In this article the research objectives are the rights of children deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes in international and regional agreements as well as in Swedish legislations and intended to preserve the child’s dignity.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The method applied to study their dignity is, on one hand, in the context of international and regional agreements; on the other hand, in the context of Swedish legislations, which are relevant to these children.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument is whether in Sweden children under the age of 15 years deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes are treated in a manner consistent with promoting the child’s sense of dignity during the investigation of the crime. These children are of particular interest as they are more vulnerable than adults in the same situation; the spirit of dignity should therefore be more explicitly expressed for them.
RESEARCH RESULTS: The research result confirms that dignity is fundamental for the rights of children as expressed in the studied international and regional agreements and, more specifically, in the CRC Articles 37 and 40.
CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Swedish legislations still need improvements to preserve the dignity of children, particularly regarding the rights of children under the age of 15 deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes.
Bibliografia
Bibliography
International agreements
The Charter of the United Nations Act 1945, No. 32, 1945.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, UN General Assembly resolution 217 A.
The Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1959, G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, UN General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI).
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, UN General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI).
The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice of 1985 (The Beijing Rules), UN Doc. A/RES/40/33.
The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, UN General Assembly resolution 44/25.
The United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (the Riyadh Guidelines) of 1990, UN General Assembly Resolution 45/112.
The United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (the Havana Rules), of 1990, UN General Assembly Resolution 45/113.
The third Optional Protocol on a Communications Procedure of 2011, UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/66/138.
Regional agreements
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 (ECHR) (Rome, 4.XI.1950, amended by the provisions of Protocol No. 14 (CETS no. 194).
The Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000/C 364/01) (ECR).
Swedish legislations
SFS 1942:740 the Code of Procedure.
SFS 1962:700 the Penal Code.
SFS 1964:167 the Law with Special Provisions for Young Offenders.
SFS 1974:152 the Instrument of Government.
SFS 1990:52 the Law with Provisions for Care of Young People.
SFS 2001:453 the Social Services Act.
Government Bills
Government Bill 2017/18:186. Inkorporering av FN:s konvention om barnets rättigheter.
Government Bill 2016/17:165.
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T v. United Kingdom - Application No. 24724/94.
V v. United Kingdom - Application No. 24888/94.
Blokhin v. Russia - Application no. 47152/06).
The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Case C-367/16 Piotrowski.
The Court of Appeal
The Court of Appeal, Svea hovrätt B 10485:15.
The Court of Appeal, in Skåne and Bleking B 329-15.
The Court of Appeal, for Västra Sverige B 1672-15.
The Court of Appeal, Svea hovrätt B 905-13.
The Court of Appeal, Göta hovrätt B 1325-05.
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The Supreme Court
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Report of the Rapporteur of Commission I/1 UNICO VI, pp 446–7, Doc. 944 I/1/34(1.).
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Recommendations and Guidelines
Recommendation No. R (87) 20 on social reactions to juvenile delinquency, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 September 1987.
Recommendation Rec(2003)20 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning new ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of juvenile justice, adopted on 24 September 2003.
Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)11 on the European Rules for juvenile offenders subject to sanctions or measures, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 5 November 2008.
The Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on child friendly justice, adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 17 November 2010
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Carlin, M. Hjärnan fullvuxen först vid 25, Svenska Dagbladet, 5 October 2007. https://www.svd.se/hjarnan-fullvuxen-forst-vid-25 (Accessed 26 September 2019).
Danelius, H. Mänskliga rättigheter i europeisk praxis. 5 ed. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik, 2015.
Nordlöf, K. Unga lagöverträdare i social-, straff- och processrätt, (Studentlitteratur, Malmö, 2012).
Nordlöf, K. Oskuldspresumtionen – en utopi för minderåriga barn misstänkta för brott, in Nordlöf, K, ed., Argumentation i Nordisk Straffrätt, (Norstedts Juridik, 2013).
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