Masculinity, Nation and Physical Culture. Traditional and Modern Patterns of Masculinity and Physical Education of Young People on Polish Lands Under Russian Partition at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Abstract
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to discuss the transformation of masculinity patterns and attitudes towards male corporeality in the Kingdom of Poland and the so-called Kresy in the context of modern hygiene and physical education.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The main research problem concerns how, in the period under study, the system of ideas and norms regarding masculinity constituted it, in the context of physical education of male youth and in what environments/institutions it was implemented. Historical and pedagogical research methods were used.
THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: After an introduction to the issues, three separate issues were distinguished: 1. transnational patterns of masculinity in the modern era; 2. norms of physical education of the male youth in the nobility culture; 3. new ideas about masculinity and the importance of social institutions in the physical education at the beginning of the 20th century.
RESEARCH RESULTS: In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the category of masculinity underwent significant transformations. The modern model, in which physical education took place as part of group classes under the supervision of a professional instructor, gained a dominant position. It was intended to develop fitness as well as to strengthen male team strength and peer solidarity.
CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: Masculinity constructed in the modern era was the reference point for relationships in the private, social and national dimensions and the foundation of all values. The analysis of masculinity patterns and the role of physical culture in shaping them at the beginning of the 20th century can serve further research on Polish modernity and changes in ideas, norms and expectations towards men in the 20th and 21st centuries. The results of the research have the basic and transnational character and extent.
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